CHAPTER 6 : ELECTRONIC-PAYMENT

Electronic payment systems or e-payment enable you to pay for goods and services electronically rather than writing a check or using cash. Electronic payment systems include electronic checks, electronic credit cards, purchasing cards, and electronic cash.

         

·       Electronic  Checks

-         E-checks are similar to regular paper checks. They are used mostly in B2B. A customer who wishes to use e-checks must first establish a checking account account with a bank. Then, when a customer buys a product or a service, he or she e-mails an encrypted electronic check to the seller. The seller deposits the check in a bank account, and funds are transferred from the buyer’s account into the seller’s account.

·       Electronic Credit Cards 

-         E-credit cards allow customers to charge online payments to their credit cards account. E-credit cards are used primarily in B2C and in shopping by small-to-medium enterprise (SMEs).

-         Several major credit cards issuers are offering customers the option of shopping online with virtual, single-use credit card numbers. The goal is to thwart criminals by using a different, random card number every time you shop online.

·       Purchasing Cards

-         The B2B equivalent of electronic cards is purchasing cards.

-         In some countries companies pay other companies primarily by means of purchasing cards rather than paper checks.

-         Unlike credit cards, where credit is provided for 30-60 days before payment is made to the merchant, payments made with purchasing cards are settled within a week.

·       Electronic Cash

          E-cash appears in 4 major forms:

-         Stored-value money cards

-         Smart cards

-         Person-to-person payment

-         Digital wallet

1.    Stored-value money cards 

-         Although they resemble credits cards, stored-value money cards actually are a form of e-cash. The cards that you use to pay for photocopies in your library, for transportation, and for telephone calls are stored-value money cards.

2.    Smart cards

-         Although some people refer to stored-value money cards as “smart cards”, they are not really the same.

-         True smart cards contain a chip that can store a considerable amount of information(more than 100 times that of a stored-value money cards)

3.    Person-to-Person Payments

-         A form of e-cash that enables two individuals or an individual and a business to transfer funds without using card credit. They are one of the newest and fastest-growing payment mechanisms.

4.    Digital Wallet

-         Are software mechanism that provide security measures, combined with convenience, EC purchasing. The wallet stores the financial info of the buyer, such as credit card number, shipping information and so on.

-         Thus, the buyer does not need to reenter sensitive information for each purchase.




prepare by : Syamil
prepared for : Miss Ernie

: : WIRELESS DEVICES : :

1.      Individuals are finding it convenient and productive to use wireless devices for several reasons.

·         They can make p0roductive use of time that was formerly wasted.

·         They can take these devices with them, their work locations are becoming much more flexible.

·         Wireless technology enable them to allocate their working time around personal and professional obligations

2.      Wireless devices are small enough to easily carry or wear, have sufficient computing power to perform productive task, and can communicate wirelessly with the internet and other devices.

3.      In the previous chapter we have discussed these devices in separate categories such as pagers, e-mail handhelds, personal digital assistants (PDAs), and cellular telephone. However these new devices include cellular telephony, Bluetooth, W-Fi, a digital camera, a global positioning system(GPS), an organizer, a scheduler, an address book, a calculator, access to e-mail and short message service and so on.

4.      Examples of new devices:

·         Blackberry

·         Apple i-Phone

·         Sony Mylo

5.      One downside of smartphones is that people can use them to copy and pass on confidential information. Thus smartphones also have far greater impact on human society than most of us realize.



BLACKBERRY

i-Phone



SONY MYLO



PREPARED FOR:  MISS ERNIE

PREPARED BY: TEGUH ADY PUTRA BIN MOHD NASRI

WIRELESS LAN

      A wireless local area network (WLAN) links two or more devices using some wireless distribution method (typically spread-spectrum or OFDM radio), and usually providing a connection through an access point to the wider internet. This gives users the mobility to move around within a local coverage area and still be connected to the network.
Wireless LANs have become popular in the home due to ease of installation, and the increasing popularity of laptop computers. Public businesses such as coffee shops and malls have begun to offer wireless access to their customers; often for free. Large wireless network projects are being put up in many major cities: New York City, for instance, has begun a pilot program to provide city workers in all five boroughs of the city with wireless Internet access.

      A wireless device can refer to any kind of communications equipment that does not require a physical wire for relaying information to another device. Wireless headphones fitted with a receiver use either radio frequency (RF) or infrared technology to communicate with a transmitter that is connected to the sound source, say a television. In most cases, however, when someone refers to a wireless device, they are speaking of a networking device that can pass data to other wireless network gear without being physically connected.

In today's world, where people put a premium on staying connected to the Internet and to each other, there are several types of wireless technologies. In the home and office, wireless routers with built-in modems, hubs and switches broadcast a local area network (LAN) for computers in the area to join. Broadcasting distance varies widely depending on many factors, but a LAN generally spans 300 feet (91.44 m) or more. Any computer on the network can share resources that are connected to the network, including a high-speed Internet connection, printer or other office equipment.

       Wireless device are small enough to easily carry or wear, have sufficient computing power to perform productive task, and can communicate wirelessly with the Internet and other device.


prepared by: Anis Nadia Bt Md Shah
                       2010704751

Technology Guide 1 : Computer Memory

Storage Devices

What Is Computer Storage?

Information and documents are stored in computer storage so that it can be retrieved whenever they are needed later on. Computer storage is the storing of data in an electromagnetic form to be accessed by a computer processor.

Types of Computer Storage

1. Primary storage

2. Secondary storage

Primary Storage

Primary storage is the main memory in a computer. It stores data and programs that can be

accessed directly by the processor.

Types Of Primary Storage

There are two types of primary storage which are RAM and ROM.

         

ROM                                                       RAM

Secondary Storage

Secondary storage is another alternative storage to save your work and documents. It is very useful to store programs and data for future use. It is non-volatile, which means that it does not need power to maintain the information stored in it. It will store the information until it is erased.

        

        CD-R                                      FLASH MEMORY

                       

 DISKETTE                                        PEN DRIVE

Types Of Secondary Storage

1. Magnetic Medium

Magnetic Medium is a non-volatile storage medium. It can be any type of storage medium that utilizes magnetic patterns to represent information. The devices use disks that are coated

with magnetically sensitive material. Examples of magnetic storage are: 


magnetic disk such as:

o a floppy disk, used for off-line storage

o hard disk, used for secondary storage

 

magnetic tape such as

o video cassette,

o audio storage reel-to-reel tape

Optical Medium

Optical Medium is a non-volatile storage media , holds content in digital form that are written and read by laser. These media include various types of CDs and DVDs. 

 CD-RW                                          CD-R

 DVD-R                                              DVD-RW

Blu-ray Disc

Optical disc storage medium designed by Sony to supersede the standard DVD format. Its main uses are for running Playstation 3 games, high-definition video and data storage with 50GB per disc. The disc has the same physical dimensions as standard DVDs and CDs.

Flash Memory

Flash Memory is a solid-state, non-volatile, rewritable memory that functions like RAM and a hard disk drive. Flash memory store bits of electronic data in memory cells just like DRAM (Dynamic RAM) but it also works like a hard disk drive that when the power is turned off, the data remains in the memory. Flash memory cards and flash memory sticks are examples of flash memory. Flash memory cards are also used with digital cellular phones, MP3 players, digital video cameras and other portable digital devices. Flash memory is also called USB drive, thumb drive, pen drive or flash drive, are the up and coming players in the portable storage market.

The Differences Between Primary And Secondary Storage

PRIMARY STORAGE

1. Known as the main memory of a computer.

    Examples are: RAM / ROM.

2. Storage capacity is limited. An internal memory (inside the CPU) that can be accessed      
    directly by the processor.

3. Has a volatile memory for RAM and non volatile memory for ROM.

SECONDARY STORAGE

1. Alternative storage in a computer.

    Examples are: Floppy disc, Hard disk, CDROM, USB storages

2. Storage capacity is larger.

3. An external storage that refers to various ways a computer can store program and data.

4. Non-volatile, which means that it does not need power to maintain the information stored in it.

PREPARED BY : NOR JAWAHIR BINTI SAHAK

                                    2010959957

PREPARED FOR : MISS ERNIE

windows 7 vs windows vista

There it is. The October 22 will be launched officially Windows 7 , the new operating system Microsoft , the supposed panacea of the American giant in front of his unfortunate (mis-managed) Windows Vista .

Much has been written a lot and the other, but really what differences exist between the two platforms? Are we witnessing a new version of Windows or to a newer version of Windows Vista ? How would you proceed with the migration of an operating system to another ? Will crudely copying the styles of Mac OS X ?

Well, let’s go by parts.

Vista, also known as the antichrist of the computer or the wrong horse ( it will be so slow went it in full capacity), provoked a barrage of criticism pointed to two basic form of touch noses to the user

1.     Slowdown of applications and the operating system

2.     Compatibility issues with certain drivers and program

               SOLUTION in WINDOWS 7

One of the workhorses of the engineers at Microsoft was to recover the thousands of customers dissatisfiedwith the problems arising from these two circumstances. In fact, one of the weapons to promote the new operating system is its operation : in just 20 seconds, Windows 7 is ready for use . 

Furthermore, once open, the platform leverages the resources of the team did not crush as its predecessor. Without reaching the point of optimization that could Windows XP , Windows 7 has certainly improved the viability of the power system to function properly in computers with single-core processor supported by a gig of RAM (which points directly to netbooks lighter , the target of many software manufacturers ).

Regarding the compatibility , Windows 7 has also been stepping up . When the average user migrated from Windows XP to Vista (or when it was forced, via pre-installed in new equipment, with an inability to go back) found that many of the tools and programs used usually had no version for the new operating system . And it was. And was not corrected in many thousands of cases . Between 15,000 and 20,000 applications were certified for Vista . 

Given this fact, there are already 80,000 drivers ready for Windows 7 a month to come out officially to the market. The figure speaks for itself demonstrated the incompetence that Microsoft in this regard .

Jumping from stage one of the data that has surprised most Windows users usually are not much interested in computers and technology that benefit has been so fashionable these days , that Windowshas been able to use for personal gain face the popular audience: the screen touch . 

The interface of this new version, based on what we know of Vista , the latter known as Aero , and it is not just a microsoftiana adaptation of that used by Mac OSX, Aqua (which is showing signs of creative laziness Microsoft ... until to baptize their products), is prepared for capacitive monitors . 

What is a capacitive monitor ? Well, imagine ascreen iPhone , say, between 12 and 22 inches : it is a monitor with multitouch capabilities, much like the all in one HP or Asus (or nettops , as they are known). And yes, it is. Windows 7 may be used without the need for a mouse and keyboard , the traditional way, but tinkering directly on the screen .

 In the end, then are we to a new operating system or upgrade baptized by another name ? When in doubt,references . The most striking leaps in the evolution of Windows we have them in the passage of the NT versions 3.11 and Windows 98 (possibly the most stable version in the version in Second Edition , along with the aforementioned 3.11 ) to XP (of course experiences Millennium and 2000 ). 

Are we witnessing a quantum leap of this nature? 

Radically, no . Some people says that Windows 7 is just an upgrade to Windows Vista's letter where complaints have forced users to redefine the operating system while retaining its essence. However, the name of Windows Vista was so devalued as a brand that Microsoft chose to lock him in the basement and making a new name .

The experiences with the beta of Windows 7 being at least satisfactory for those who have tried it. 

However, as always seems to happen to these cases, of little worth justifications or comparative assessments against tough jury that is the market . 

And finally, the last word belongs to that user who knows nothing about performance, and updates computer architecture : that works , do not hang up or make you wait , it will be satisfied .

MuHaMmAd FaRId HaRItH

2010353987